Small Cell, Big Risk: A Security Assessment of 4G LTE Femtocells in the Wild

Femtocells are small, operator-deployed base stations designed to extend mobile network coverage, but their integration into operator mobile infrastructure introduces significant new attack surfaces. While 5G femtocell standards were only recently finalized, 4G LTE femtocells have already been standardized and widely implemented. In this work, we conducted the first systematic security evaluation of 4G LTE femtocells based on both real-world commercial devices and large-scale Internet measurements. We systematically analyzed both the software and hardware of 4 commercial femtocell devices and identified 5 critical and common vulnerabilities that can lead to local or remote compromise. Our Internet-wide measurement identified 86,108 suspected femtocell deployments, many of which are exposed to remote attack. Further, we experimentally validated in a real operator network that a single compromised femtocell can serve as a powerful entry point for attacks on both the mobile core network and its subscribers. Our findings highlight that femtocell security in operational 4G LTE networks remains an urgent concern. We reported our results to Global System for Mobile Communications Association (GSMA) and the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) Service and System Aspects Working Group 3 (SA3). 3GPP SA3 has subsequently approved both a study item to further enhance the security of 5G femtocells and a work item to define the Security Assurance Specification (SCAS) for 5G femtocells.

Network and Distributed System Security (NDSS) Symposium 2026